Morphological phylogenetic analysis of Ophrys (Orchidaceae): insights from morpho‐anatomical floral traits into the interspecific relationships in an unresolved clade

Reconstructing the phylogeny of the sexually deceptive orchid genus Ophrys is crucial to our understanding of the evolution of its complex floral morphology. Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that section Pseudophrys forms a well supported clade with Ophrys bombyliflora, O. tenthredinifera and O. speculum, but were unable to elucidate the relationships between these four groups of taxa. Here we conduct a morphological phylogenetic analysis of this unresolved clade of Ophrys based on a data matrix of 45 macro‐ and micromorphological and anatomical floral characters, using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Our cladistic analysis yielded a single most parsimonious tree and a Bayesian 50% majority‐rule consensus tree which differed in their overall topology but agreed that O. tenthredinifera and O. bombyliflora are not sister groups. The phylogenetic placement of O. tenthredinifera was ambiguous since it shares six valid synapomorphies each with the cluster of O. speculum–O. bombyliflora and with section Pseudophrys. In contrast, O. bombyliflora is most likely the sister group to O. speculum, a finding that rejects an earlier morphological phylogenetic hypothesis and favours the existing molecular trees based on nuclear ITS rather than plastid data. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179 , 454–476.     

黄粉虫抗菌肽的提取及其生化特性的研究

【目的】测定黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus幼虫抗菌肽提取液的浓度、抑菌活性及其部分生化特性和凝血效应。【方法】本实验用浓度为1×108 CFU/m L大肠杆菌Escherichia coli诱导5龄黄粉虫幼虫,分别在诱导12、24、36、48、60和72 h后提取其中的抗菌肽,并用考马斯亮兰法测定抗菌肽粗提液蛋白的浓度,并用滤纸片法测定其抑菌活性,同时对其热稳定性、反复冻融稳定性、蛋白酶稳定性及不同p H对其活性的影响等生化特性及凝血效应进行了探究。【结果】经大肠杆菌诱导的黄粉虫抗菌肽粗提液的蛋白浓度均显著高于未诱导的黄粉虫组(P<0.01),且在诱导48 h时产生的抗菌肽提取液蛋白的浓度最高,产生的抑菌圈直径也显著高于未诱导的黄粉虫组(P<0.05),生化特性的测定结果显示,黄粉虫抗菌肽有较好的热稳定性、酶稳定性及酸碱稳定性,反复冻溶后对其抑菌活性影响不大,并且无凝血效应。【结论】大肠杆菌可以刺激黄粉虫的免疫系统,增加抗菌肽的表达量,使其产生浓度高、活性强的抗菌肽,且生化特性较稳定。本研究对黄粉虫抗菌肽作为绿色抗生素用于畜牧养殖业的进一步开发与利用提供了科学的理论依据。     

ENVIRONMENT-DEPENDENCE OF QUANTITATIVE GENETIC PARAMETERS IN IMPATIENS PALLIDA

Population response to selection depends on the presence of additive genetic variance for traits under selection. When a population enters an alien environment, environment-induced changes in the expression of genetic variance may occur. These could have large effects on the response to selection. To investigate the environment-dependence of genetic variance, we conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment between two ecotypically differentiated populations of Impatiens pallida using the progeny of a standard mating design. The floodplain site was characterized by high water availability, moderate temperatures, and continuous dense stands of Impatiens. The hillside site was drier, with larger temperature extremes and supported only scattered patches of Impatiens with significantly lower seed production and earlier mortality. Estimates of heritability were low for each of the 13 traits measured in each population and site (range from 0–28%). Additive genetic variance for life-history traits tended to be larger than for morphological traits, but genetic variance in fitness was estimated to be not significantly different from zero in all cases. Significant heritability was detected in both populations for one trait (date of first cleistogamous flower) known to be closely related to fitness on the hillside. In general, heritability was reduced for populations when grown in the hillside site relative to the floodplain site, suggesting that stress acts to reduce the expression of genetic variance and the potential to respond to selection there. Consistent reductions in heritability associated with more stressful environments suggest that populations invading such sites may undergo little adaptive differentiation and be more prone to local extinction.     

20份新编目入国家烟草种质库的烤烟种质的鉴定和分析

为将20份新收集（引进）、选育的烤烟种质资源入国家种质库进行编目和保存,对各种质进行田间鉴定评价,结果表明,云烟317、云烟201、云烟202、云烟203、PVH09和RGH51等品种抗或中抗黑胫病、根结线虫病、青枯病、TMV等主要病害中的2种以上,产量适中、品质较好,已经全国烟草品种审定委员会审（认）定,其余种质资源在田间生长正常,白花大金元、江川地方种、大有种和人民六队-15黑胫病较重。田间试验获得了各种质的生育期、形态特征、主要农艺性状、经济性状、原烟外观质量、化学成分和主要病害等数据资料,拍摄了各种质的植株、叶片、花序、花冠和蒴果的照片,按规定上交合格种子并入库保存,获得的资料全部上交给中国农业科学院烟草研究所,用于中国烟草种质资源信息系统和共享平台建设,为丰富国家种质库以及今后持续利用种质资源奠定良好基础。     

Problematic character coding methods in morphology and their effects

The effects of different coding practices in morphological phylogenetic analysis are well documented. In many cases, we can determine that certain practices can be regarded as undesirable and should be avoided. Certain coding practices do not correctly translate the expected information to the cladistic algorithm. It may go unnoticed that expressions of character information in character lists, which may be entirely logical to any reader, do not necessarily reflect the mathematics employed by a phylogenetic algorithm. Despite a wealth of literature on coding procedures and documentation of these issues, problematic character coding practices are still common. A review is provided of different coding and character formulation practices, particularly relating to multistate character information that may either: (1) lead to a failure to capture grouping information implied in the character list; (2) cause problematic weighting or spuriously high certainty in particular optimizations; and (3) impose congruence artificially, by linking more than one variable character to a particular state. Each of these is reviewed and presented with a hypothetical example. Recommendations for avoiding these pitfalls are described in light of how parsimony algorithms work with character data. Character lists must be drawn up not only to present character variation logically, but also with consideration for how computer algorithms implement cladistic logic. The widespread use of problematic character coding procedures may account for some of the perceived problems with morphological data. Therefore, an exploration of the effects of these methods and standardization of methods should be a goal for the very near future. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104 , 489–498.     

卫星搭载对甘草种子萌发中生理特性的影响

为探讨卫星搭载处理对甘草种子萌发中生理特性的影响,本文运用卫星搭载技术对甘草种子进行太空诱变处理,考察了卫星搭载后甘草种子（卫星1号,GF）在干旱胁迫条件下,萌发过程中的发芽率、胚根长势、可溶性蛋白变化以及过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活力,并与地面对照组种子（地面组,GN）进行了比较。结果表明,在干旱胁迫条件下（水势－1．0MPa）,飞行组种子的发芽率、胚根长势要高于地面对照组,其萌发过程中的过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活力也高于地面对照组。卫星搭载处理后,甘草种子的抗旱性能增强。     

Evaluating the efficacy of continuous quantitative characters for reconstructing the phylogeny of a morphologically homogeneous spider taxon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae, Antrodiaetus)

The use of continuous quantitative characters for phylogenetic analyses has long been contentious in the systematics literature. Recent studies argue for and against their use, but there have been relatively few attempts to evaluate whether these characters provide an accurate estimate of phylogeny, despite the fact that a number of methods have been developed to analyze these types of data for phylogenetic inference. A tree topology will be produced for a given methodology and set of characters, but little can be concluded with regards to the accuracy of phylogenetic signal without an independent evaluation of those characters. We assess the performance of continuous quantitative characters for the mygalomorph spider genus Antrodiaetus, a group that is morphologically homogeneous and one for which few discrete (morphological) characters have been observed. Phylogenetic signal contained in continuous quantitative characters is compared to an independently derived phylogeny inferred on the basis of multiple nuclear and mitochondrial gene loci. Tree topology randomizations, regression techniques, and topological tests all demonstrate that continuous quantitative characters in Antrodiaetus conflict with the phylogenetic signal contained in the gene trees. Our results show that the use of continuous quantitative characters for phylogenetic reconstruction may be inappropriate for reconstructing Antrodiaetus phylogeny and indicate that due caution should be exercised before employing this character type in the absence of other independently derived sources of characters.     

Foliar Application of Phosphorus Enhances Photosynthesis and Biochemical Characteristics of Maize under Drought Stress

Water is essential for the growth period of crops; however, water unavailability badly affects the growth and physiological attributes of crops, which considerably reduced the yield and yield components in crops. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar phosphorus (P) on morphological, gas exchange, biochemical traits, and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under normal as well as water deficit situations at the Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2014. Two different treatments (control and P @ 8 kg ha⁻¹ ) and four hybrids (Hycorn, 31P41, 65625, and 32B33) of maize were tested by using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that the water stress caused a remarkable decline in total soluble protein (9.7%), photosynthetic rate (9.4%) and transpiration rate (13.4%), stomatal conductance (10.2%), and internal CO₂ rate (20.4%) comparative to well-watered control. An increase of 37.1%, 36.8%, and 24.5% were recorded for proline, total soluble sugar, and total free amino acid, respectively. However, foliar P application minimized the negative impact of drought by improving plant growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and PUE in maize plants under water stress conditions. Among the hybrids tested, the hybrid 6525 performed better both under stress and non-stress conditions. These outcomes confirmed that the exogenous application of P improved drought stress tolerance by modulating growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and PUE of maize hybrids.     

外来植物加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）入侵的结构基础

采用野外观察、光镜、扫描电镜等手段,对入侵皖北的加拿大一枝黄花形态解剖结构进行了研究,并藉此理解该物种入侵适应的结构基础.结果表明:叶的上、下表皮的气孔数目均较少,具有厚的角质层和长的表皮毛,能起到保水和保护作用;叶片内有发达维管束和束鞘延伸,增加了叶片对光合产物的输导能力,以满足地下营养器官发育的需要.茎具有较强输导和支持能力的结构特征.主根过早停止发育,以适应地下逸生结构发育的需要.加拿大一枝黄花花期、花序结构和未能与本地昆虫建立固定访问关系使部分头状花序不育,成熟花粉粒外有胼胝质包被,有利于花粉传播,其花粉粒属于较为进化的类型;根状茎含较多菊糖,具备成为独立散布体的物质和结构基础.     

生态恢复经济学

在总结国内外关于生态恢复经济理论研究进展的基础上, 提出了生态恢复经济学的学科含义、地位、特点和研究对象.生态恢复经济学是研究退化生态系统退化过程中的经济损失、退化生态系统恢复期间的成本效益以及恢复过程中的经济价值动态变化的一门交叉性学科.它以人类可持续利用为核心,研究生态系统退化、恢复和重建过程中生态系统与经济系统之间客观运动规律及其机理的一门科学.生态恢复经济学具有综合性和实践性的特点,它是生态经济学和恢复生态学的重要分支学科,在生态经济学理论体系中具有特别重要的地位.